The BeagleBone Black (BBB) provides a 1GHz ARM Cortex-A8 with 512Mb of RAM and 2Gb of eMMC flash from which you can run a GNU/Linux system around a 3.8 Linux Kernel. Throw ethernet, HDMI, and a load of IO pins into the mix and you have a little machine that straddles the border between embedded Linux and the Arduino world. The Black is the latest addition to the Beagle series of ARM-based, single-board computers and is based on the BeagleBone before it. The package I got with the BBB contained the board and a single USB cable. You can power the BBB over the USB cable from a HUB so a dedicated power brick is not a necessity.
Looking at the rows of 46 pins on each side of the BBB indicates that the board is very useful for many hardware projects. Depending on how you configure your BBB you can have up to 65 general-purpose, digital IO pins, 8 PWMs, 4 timers, 7 1.8V analog inputs, some serial UARTs, 2 I2C, and 2 SPI along with access to 3.3V and 5V. Some of the pins can be used for multiple purposes. For example, pin 17 on one header serves as a digital IO pin, an I2C, and an SPI pin, so you have to choose for which purpose you want to use it. The two header blocks on the BBB are referred to as the P8 and P9.
The HDMI output on the BBB is implemented by bringing a “cape” onto the main board. Capes are what the Beagle community calls the cards, which can be attached to the pin headers, similar to what are called Shields in the Arduino world. The HDMI output on the BBB uses a collection of the general-purpose output pins from the two headers on the BBB. Specifically, it wants 3 SPI pins on header P9 and 30 pins on the P8 header. So if you have an HDMI display then you lose about 2/3 of the pins on the P9 header. More disturbing, if you are planning to output to a 1080 display you can only get a 24Hz output at that resolution (Page 68 of the System Reference Manual). Though that limitation has changed over software revisions.
When I first booted the BBB I got a graphical display over its HDMI but I couldn’t get any mouse or keyboard to work on any USB port with either a passive or powered hub. That was when I decided I needed to update to the latest software before proceeding. The first step in updating the Linux distribution on the eMMC of the BBB is to download the Angstrom Distribution eMMC flasher from the Latest Images. Use unxz to uncompress the downloaded image and dd to write it to a microSD card. Many of the directions, including those that came on my BBB itself are very Windows-centric.
Once you have written the roughly 4GB image to a microSD card, turn off the BBB, insert the card into the BBB, and apply power while holding the “boot” button which is on the opposite side of the BBB from where the microSD card plugs in. During flashing, the LEDs will flash and when done all the LEDs will remain on. For me, the flashing procedure took around an hour to complete.
After updating the eMMC I found that if I booted the BBB with a network cable plugged in, I never got HDMI output. To get a display I had to boot without the network cable and then plug in the network cable to gain network access.
Power wise, the BBB drew 2.7 Watts sitting idle at a 720p desktop with a passive hub, keyboard and mouse connected but without a network connection. Plugging in an ethernet cable boosted the draw to 3.2 W. Running the CPU at 100 percent moved to 3.9 W total. Disconnecting the hub (and thus keyboard and mouse) dropped the power draw by 0.8 W.
Access to the various pins in the headers on the left and right side of the BBB is done through the Linux kernel using its GPIO Interfaces. To demonstrate how to give this a spin I attached an LED from pin 42 (GPIO_7) to the ground pin 44 next to it. That is the red LED shown in the photo, above. The BBB booted up without the LED lit.
To get the LED to shine you have to map the GPIO_7 pin into the filesystem. This is done by echoing the GPIO pin into the export file. As you can see, below, I created the new gpio7 link using the export file in order to control that pin. The value is initially zero but when I echo high into the direction the LED lit up!
root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio# echo 7 > /sys/class/gpio/export root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio# ls -lh total 0 --w------- 1 root root 4.0K Jun 1 10:54 export lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jun 1 10:54 gpio7 -> ../../devices/virtual/gpio/gpio7 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 1 2000 gpiochip0 -> ../../devices/virtual/gpio/gpiochip0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 1 2000 gpiochip32 -> ../../devices/virtual/gpio/gpiochip32 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 1 2000 gpiochip64 -> ../../devices/virtual/gpio/gpiochip64 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 1 2000 gpiochip96 -> ../../devices/virtual/gpio/gpiochip96 --w------- 1 root root 4.0K Jan 1 2000 unexport root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio# cd gpio7 root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio/gpio7# cat value 0 root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio/gpio7# echo low > direction root@bbb:/sys/class/gpio/gpio7# echo high > direction
To use GPIO pins that are not connected to the first gpio controller chip (which controls 32 pins), you should refer to the Expansion Header Pinout table in the System Reference Manual to calculate the correct number to echo into the exports file. For example GPIO_51 on pin 16 of the P9 header is gpio1[19]. This makes it the 19th pin on the second gpio controller so you would echo 32+19=51 into the exports file to access GPIO_51.
One issue I encountered with the hardware design is that the large USB port on the BBB is very close to the microHDMI port which is attached to the other side of the board. The common combination of plugging in cables to both ports left the cable sleaves pushing each other slightly.
In my next article on the BBB I’ll show benchmarks for its CPU, along with performance figures for the eMMC flash that comes on the board.
Over at the Nvidia Blog, George Middleton writes that Chief Scientist Bill Dally’s ISC keynote discussed how power efficiency and application efficiency are some of the toughest Exascale challenges.
Reaching exascale, according to Dally, will require a 25x improvement in energy efficiency – 50 gigaflops (or billion floating point operations per second) per watt vs. the 2 gigaflops per watt from today’s most efficient systems. And, contrary to what some believe, manufacturing process advances alone will not achieve this goal. At best, this will only deliver about a 2.2x improvement in performance per watt, leaving an energy efficiency gap of 12x that will need to be reached by other means. Dally believes that a combination of more efficient circuit design and better processor architectures can help close the gap – delivering 3x and 4x improvements in performance per watt, respectively. Dally’s engineering team at NVIDIA is exploring a number of new approaches, including utilizing hierarchical register files, two-level scheduling, optimizing temporal SIMT, and other advanced techniques – all designed to maximize energy efficiency in every way possible.
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Samsung finally prices and dates its Galaxy Tab 3 tablets. Look for them on July 7, starting at $199. [Read more]
Our list of books, each recommended by a member of the opensource.com community, is the most diverse yet. But it explores the values (transparency, collaboration, sharing) and the questions (How and when does innovation occur? How do people organize to do great things? What important lessons can we learn from the past? How can we be sure we’re building the right kind of future?) that have underpinned its predecessors. The authors featured here seem to be on the pulse of something that promises to radically change the ways we live, work, learn, play, and create—even if they lack a common hashtag for it. Perhaps without intending to, they’ve contributed to our understanding of the #opensourceway.
