The biggest open source story of 2017 was unquestionably Canonical’s decision to stop developing its Unity desktop and move Ubuntu to the GNOME Shell desktop.
What made the story that much more entertaining was how well Canonical pulled off the transition. Ubuntu 17.10 was quite simply one of the best releases of the year and certainly the best release Ubuntu has put out in a good long time. Of course since 17.10 was not an LTS release, the more conservative users – which may well be the majority in Ubuntu’s case – still haven’t made the transition.
Meanwhile, the repercussions of Canonical’s move to GNOME are still being felt in the open source world and I believe this will continue to be one of the biggest stories in 2018 for several reasons. The first is that so many have yet to actually make the move to GNOME-based Ubuntu. That will change with 18.04, which is an LTS release set to arrive later this year. Users upgrading between LTS releases will get their first taste of Ubuntu with GNOME come April.
I spoke with someone the other day that was fired from his job as a technical product manager after more than 20 years of experience. He is now job-searching but is finding it difficult. There is a new bar set for speed of technology development that capitalizes on agile software development practices and leveraging open source technologies—two things that were not taken seriously just ten years ago. According to 69 percent of senior executives, this digital transformation is forcing us now to rethink our cybersecurity strategies.
To accommodate these time constraints from management, developers have turned more and more to open source code as a great asset to build products and features, as opposed to writing code from scratch. Open source technologies are available openly on the internet through sites like GitHub and SourceForge. Open source code now makes up 90 percent of the code composition of our modern applications.
Machine learning is one of the hottest trends in technology today. In fact, Gartner put machine learning at the peak of its most recent Hype Cycle for Emerging Technology. And the firm has predicted that by 2020, artificial intelligence (AI)technologies, including machine learning “will be virtually pervasive in almost every new software product and service.”
According to IDC, organizations will spend $12.5 billion on AI systems in 2017. That’s a huge 59.3 percent increase over 2016 levels, and the analysts say that spending will continue to grow at more than 50 percent per year through 2020. At that point, total AI revenue could top $46 million. David Schubmehl, research director, cognitive systems and content analytics at IDC, said, “Cognitive/AI systems are quickly becoming a key part of IT infrastructure and all enterprises need to understand and plan for the adoption and use of these technologies in their organizations.”
So what is machine learning? What is its relationship to artificial intelligence? And what should technology professionals know about its potential benefits and challenges?
Linux kernel 4.15 has been in development since the end of November 2017, and it’s now time the development cycle to come to an end, and today’s Release Candidate brings even more of the x86 page table isolation (PTI) patches to mitigate those nasty Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities that put billions of devices at risk of attacks.
“Ok, we had an interesting week, and by now everybody knows why we were merging all those odd x86 page table isolation patches without following all of the normal release timing rules,” said Linus Torvalds in the mailing list announcement. “Anyway, due to this all, 4.15 will obviously be one of the releases with an rc8, even if things are starting to really calm down by now.”
It’s a new year and the landscape of possibility is limitless for Linux. Whereas 2017 brought about some big changes to a number of Linux distributions, I believe 2018 will bring serious stability and market share growth—for both the server and the desktop.
For those who might be looking to migrate to the open source platform (or those looking to switch it up), what are the best choices for the coming year? If you hop over to Distrowatch, you’ll find a dizzying array of possibilities, some of which are on the rise, and some that are seeing quite the opposite effect.
So, which Linux distributions will 2018 favor? I have my thoughts. In fact, I’m going to share them with you now.
Similar to what I did for last year’s list, I’m going to make this task easier and break down the list, as follows: sysadmin, lightweight distribution, desktop, distro with more to prove, IoT, and server. These categories should cover the needs of any type of Linux user.
With that said, let’s get to the list of best Linux distributions for 2018.
Best distribution for sysadmins
Debian isn’t often seen on “best of” lists. It should be. Why? If you consider that Debian is the foundation for Ubuntu (which is, in turn, the foundation for so many distributions), it’s pretty easy to understand why this distribution should find its way on many a list. But why for administrators? I’ve considered this for two very important reasons:
Ease of use
Extreme stability
Because Debian uses the dpkg and apt package managers, it makes for an incredibly easy to use environment. And because Debian offers one of the the most stable Linux platforms, it makes for an ideal environment for so many things: Desktops, servers, testing, development. Although Debian may not include the plethora of applications found in last years winner (for this category), Parrot Linux, it is very easy to add any/all the necessary applications you need to get the job done. And because Debian can be installed with your choice of desktop (Cinnamon, GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Mate, or Xfce), you can be sure the interface will meet your needs.
Figure 1: The GNOME desktop running on top of Debian 9.3.
At the moment, Debian is listed at #2 on Distrowatch. Download it, install it, and then make it serve a specific purpose. It may not be flashy, but Debian is a sysadmin dream come true.
Best lightweight distribution
Lightweight distribution serve a very specific purpose—giving new life to older, lesser-powered machines. But that doesn’t mean these particular distributions should only be considered for your older hardware. If speed is your ultimate need, you might want to see just how fast this category of distribution will run on your modern machine.
Topping the list of lightweight distributions for 2018 is Lubuntu. Although there are plenty of options in this category, few come even close to the next-to-zero learning curve found on this distribution. And although Lubuntu’s footprint isn’t quite as small as Puppy Linux, thanks to it being a member of the Ubuntu family, the ease of use gained with this distribution makes up for it. But fear not, Lubuntu won’t bog down your older hardware.The requirements are:
CPU: Pentium 4 or Pentium M or AMD K8
For local applications, Lubuntu can function with 512MB of RAM. For online usage (Youtube, Google+, Google Drive, and Facebook), 1GB of RAM is recommended.
Lubuntu makes use of the LXDE desktop (Figure 2), which means users new to Linux won’t have the slightest problem working with this distribution. The short list of included apps (such as Abiword, Gnumeric, and Firefox) are all lightning fast and user-friendly.
Figure 2: The Lubuntu LXDE desktop in action.
Lubntu can make short and easy work of breathing life into hardware that is up to ten years old.
Best desktop distribution
For the second year in a row, Elementary OS tops my list of best Desktop distribution. For many, the leader on the Desktop is Linux Mint (which is a very fine flavor). However, for my money, it’s hard to beat the ease of use and stability of Elementary OS. Case in point, I was certain the release of Ubuntu 17.10 would have me migrating back to Canonical’s distribution. Very soon after migrating to the new GNOME-Friendly Ubuntu, I found myself missing the look, feel, and reliability of Elementary OS (Figure 3). After two weeks with Ubuntu, I was back to Elementary OS.
Figure 3: The Pantheon desktop is a work of art as a desktop.
Anyone that has given Elementary OS a go immediately feels right at home. The Pantheon desktop is a perfect combination of slickness and user-friendliness. And with each update, it only gets better.
Although Elementary OS stands at #6 on the Distrowatch page hit ranking, I predict it will find itself climbing to at least the third spot by the end of 2018. The Elementary developers are very much in tune with what users want. They listen and they evolve. However, the current state of this distribution is so good, it seems all they could do to better it is a bit of polish here and there. Anyone looking for a desktop that offers a unified look and feel throughout the UI, Elementary OS is hard to beat. If you need a desktop that offers an outstanding ratio of reliability and ease of use, Elementary OS is your distribution.
Best distro for those with something to prove
For the longest time Gentoo sat on top of the “show us your skills” distribution list. However, I think it’s time Gentoo took a backseat to the true leader of “something to prove”: Linux From Scratch. You may not think this fair, as LFS isn’t actually a distribution, but a project that helps users create their own Linux distribution. But, seriously, if you want to go a very long way to proving your Linux knowledge, what better way than to create your own distribution? From the LFS project, you can build a custom Linux system, from the ground up… entirely from source code. So, if you really have something to prove, download the Linux From Scratch Book and start building.
Best distribution for IoT
For the second year in a row Ubuntu Core wins, hands down. Ubuntu Core is a tiny, transactional version of Ubuntu, built specifically for embedded and IoT devices. What makes Ubuntu Core so perfect for IoT is that it places the focus on snap packages—universal packages that can be installed onto a platform, without interfering with the base system. These snap packages contain everything they need to run (including dependencies), so there is no worry the installation will break the operating system (or any other installed software). Also, snaps are very easy to upgrade and run in an isolated sandbox, making them a great solution for IoT.
Another area of security built into Ubuntu Core is the login mechanism. Ubuntu Core works with Ubuntu One ssh keys, such that the only way to log into the system is via uploaded ssh keys to a Ubuntu One account (Figure 4). This makes for a heightened security for your IoT devices.
Figure 4:The Ubuntu Core screen indicating a remote access enabled via Ubuntu One user.
Best server distribution
This where things get a bit confusing. The primary reason is support. If you need commercial support your best choice might be, at first blush, Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Red Hat has proved itself, year after year, to not only be one of the strongest enterprise server platforms on the planet, but the single most profitable open source businesses (with over $2 billion in annual revenue).
However, Red Hat isn’t far and away the only server distribution. In fact, Red Hat doesn’t even dominate every aspect of Enterprise server computing. If you look at cloud statistics on Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud alone, Ubuntu blows away Red Hat Enterprise Linux. According to The Cloud Market, EC2 statistics show RHEL at under 100k deployments, whereas Ubuntu is over 200k deployments. That’s significant.
The end result is that Ubuntu has pretty much taken over as the leader in the cloud. And if you combine that with Ubuntu’s ease of working with and managing containers, it starts to become clear that Ubuntu Server is the clear winner for the Server category. And, if you need commercial support, Canonical has you covered, with Ubuntu Advantage.
The one caveat to Ubuntu Server is that it defaults to a text-only interface (Figure 5). You can install a GUI, if needed, but working with the Ubuntu Server command line is pretty straightforward (and something every Linux administrator should know).
Figure 5: The Ubuntu server login, informing of updates.
The choice is yours
As I said before, these choices are all very subjective … but if you’re looking for a great place to start, give these distributions a try. Each one can serve a very specific purpose and do it better than most. Although you may not agree with my particular picks, chances are you’ll agree that Linux offers amazing possibilities on every front. And, stay tuned for more “best distro” picks next week.
Learn more about Linux through the free “Introduction to Linux” course from The Linux Foundation and edX.
This week in Linux and open source news, let it snow! Open source software is improving snow science, Linus Torvalds answers questions about the fix for Intel’s security vulnerability, and more! Read on to stay in the know.
1) “Snow science recently took an about-face, thanks to the open-source software [project] known as SnowPilot.”
3) “The cable industry is turning to OpenStack for the development of virtualized network functions, and it’s hoping to learn a lesson or two from earlier telco forays.”
Intel reports that company has developed and is rapidly issuing updates for all types of Intel-based computer systems — including personal computers and servers — that render those systems immune from “Spectre” and “Meltdown” exploits reported by Google Project Zero. Intel and its partners have made significant progress in deploying updates as both software patches and firmware updates.
Intel continues to believe that the performance impact of these updates is highly workload-dependent and, for the average computer user, should not be significant and will be mitigated over time.
No individual, no matter how adept, can successfully implement open source compliance across an entire organization. Keeping track of where and how open source code is used, approved, and shipped must be a cross-functional team effort.
From core engineering and product teams, to legal counsel and upper management, compliance involves individuals in many roles from various departments throughout the company.
In this article, highlighting a chapter of The Linux Foundation ebook Open Source Compliance in the Enterprise by Ibrahim Haddad, we’ll give an overview of the roles and responsibilities that any open source compliance program should include. Together, these are the individuals who will make sure your company stays current and compliant with the open source licenses in the code you use and ship.
In this tutorial, I will walk you through how to setup and configure Spinnaker on Minikube. Once it is up and running, we will deploy and scale a containerized application running in Kubernetes.
Spinnaker is usually installed in a VM running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. Thanks to the Helm community, it is now available as a Chart to install with just one command.
Install and Configure Minikube
Spinnaker is architected as a cloud-native, microservices application. It comes with a set of containers that are resource intensive. Typical Minikube installation doesn’t provide enough power for Spinnaker to run locally. We will customize Minikube configuration to make it powerful enough to host Spinnaker.
Serverless computing is either the perfect answer to an application deployment problem or an expensive disaster waiting to happen.
VMs, containers and serverless architecture all have distinct pros and cons, but serverless might break everything if the applications aren’t suited for that deployment architecture. To prevent an implosion in IT, give developers an educated assessment of serverless vs. containers for new deployments.
To determine the suitability of containers or serverless, contrast what each architecture type does, the user base for the application it will host and what is required for successful deployment.
